Behavioral Theory Sensation, Perception, Consciousness, Motivation, Emotion, and Learning - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 564 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2019/10/10 Did you like this example? Behavioral theory approach is based on the fact that behavior is learned from the past experiences. It also states that the same way a behavior can be learned it can also be unlearnt or reconditioned. This is a theory based on the fact that all behaviors are acquired through conditioning. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Behavioral Theory: Sensation, Perception, Consciousness, Motivation, Emotion, and Learning" essay for you Create order There are two superior types of conditioning which are classical and operant conditioning. Operant conditioning can be defined as an act of trying to modify behavior using either positive or negative reinforces (Atkinson, 1996).Classical conditioning entails associating two different stimuli with a response that has been learnt. Behavioral theory is applicable in our day to day life be it in our personal, professional, social life and community activities(Cherty, 1963). In the behavioral theory teachers use operant conditioning. This is where they reward students when they are correct and motivating them when they are wrong. Studentsare always motivated when they are rewarded for performing well. In this case, students tend to pass and will strive to do even better since they learned once they perform well they are rewarded. This is positive reinforcement (Fowles, 1987). Teachers tend to use negative reinforcement for example punishments, whipping students and suspensions to discourage indiscipline in classroom setups. In this case, students will avoid being indiscipline or breaking school rules, since they know once they break school rules they will be punished. With this, a school can maintain their students(Fowles, 1987). In our communities, classical conditioning has been used as a very successful way to modify undesirable behaviors, for example, substance abuse drinking and smoking(Rescorla, 1988). In this case, counselors or the society as a whole try to make the victims associate the undesirable behavior with unpleasant effects like causing accidents when you drive while you are drunk or even get diseases due to abuse of drugs. Classical condition is involved in the elimination and formation of ouremotion responses. A person elicits responses as a result of the stimuli in the environment around you. Classical conditioning helps us understand the many emotions we express (Rescorla, 1988). Classical conditioning can be used to reduce fear in people. This can be done by counterconditioning(Rescorla, 1988). In this case, you pair the stimuli that cause fear with stimuli that give positive emotions, for example, a person who is afraid of dogs and loves vanilla ice cream is shown the dog then given the ice cream he or she will associate the dog with a good feeling and hence reduce their fear of dogs. Parents can use operant conditioning in training their children on the basic skill they need to know for example washing hands, toilet training, teeth brushing and sharing. In this case, you will have to reward the child once you notice them doing the correct thing (Atkinson, 1996). The reward must be immediately, and the parent must be consistent in rewarding till they see the child has fully learned the desired behavior(Atkinson, 1996). In workplaces, the managers or bosses can use positive reinforcement in boosting the performance of workers. The manager could award the best employee or even promise salary increment on workers who reach targets in case of sales.This will motivate employees to even work harder(Cyert, 1963). In conclusion, the behavioral theory plays a significant role in the elimination and formation of a person behavior. Any behavior learned can also be unlearnt and even modified through the classical and operant conditioning.

War Is Equally Physical And Emotional - 1943 Words

War is equally physical and emotional; the art of war requires tactic and strength to participate in. Advertisers use a battle strategy to convince the consumers and society that their product is worth spending their money on. Unfortunately advertisers use unfair advantages such as celebrity endorsements to convey and manipulate the consumer. The reinforcements are the elite in their careers; these celebrities are fighting this battle become a role model for the an entire army and a perfect image. The army presents a strong front and the villagers are forced to convert to.This was the targeted objective of the reinforcements: to interfere with the army’s perspection of themselves and society. The advertisers sell a fantasy where women are promised results that will never be fulfilled and has a harmful and have negative effects on their career, sexual psychosocial, and cognitive development. According to the Levine, â€Å"sexualization is the inappropriate imposition of sexuality upon a person, whether through objectification, overvaluing,or emphasizing the person’s appearance and/or sexual behavior†. Over several decades,women have been transformed into developing a pornified culture: â€Å"Social media has stimulated the sexualization rates of women and girls from 44% of women in the 1960s to 83% of women in the 2000s due to the several overwhelming media techniques such as advertisements, magazines, movies, television, and films† (USA Today 1). These images illustrate the beautyShow MoreRelatedJake Barnes As A Hemingway Code Hero1229 Words   |  5 PagesWorld War I as a representation of those who suffered after the brutality of war. Featured in many of Hemingway’s novels, the Hemingway Code Hero adheres to an unwritten, tacit set of self-established values and guidelines throughout all venues of life. 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Microecnomics Exam Free Essays

Intermediate Microeconomics Fall 2005 Midterm Exam Direction: This is a close book, close notes exam; there is 100 points possible, please pay attention to the weights as you allocate your time; the exam starts at 3:30 and ends at 5:00 sharp. Good luck! 1. (25 points) Consider the utility function[pic]. We will write a custom essay sample on Microecnomics Exam or any similar topic only for you Order Now 1) Is the assumption that ‘more is better’ satisfied for both goods? 2) What is [pic] for this utility function? 3) Is the [pic] diminishing, constant, or increasing as the consumer substitutes [pic] for [pic] along an indifference curve? . (25 points) A consumer purchases two goods, food [pic] and clothing [pic]. Her utility function is given by [pic]. The price of food is [pic] , the price of clothing is [pic], and the consumer’s income is [pic]. 1) What is the demand function for clothing? 2) Is clothing a normal good in this case? 3. (25 points) Suppose that Natasha’s utility function is given by u(I) = I0. 5, where I represents annual income in thousands of dollars. 1) Is Natasha risk loving, risk neutral, or risk averse? Explain. ) Suppose that Natasha is currently earning an income of $10,000 (I = 10) and can earn that income next year with certainty. She is offered a chance to take a new job that offers a . 5 probability of earning $16,000, and a . 5 probability of earning $5,000. Should she take the new job? 3) In (2), would Natasha be willing to buy insurance to protect against the variable income associated with the new job? If so, how much would she be willing to pay for that insurance? 4. (25 points) Suppose a consumer has the two period utility function: [pic][pic] here [pic]represent the amount of consumption in period 1 and 2 respectively. The consumer’s income consists just of inherited assets A in period 1, and there is no income in second period. If the remaining income is invested in an asset, it can earn a rate of interest r. 1) Interpret the economic meaning of the parameter [pic] in the utility function. 2) Obtain the optimal allocation of[pic], and illustrate it with the graph. 3) Explain how the optimal consumptions in periods 1 and 2 vary with A, r, and[pic]. How to cite Microecnomics Exam, Essay examples

Groups and the Social Systems of People in Interaction

Question: Describe about the Groups and the Social Systems of People in Interaction. Answer: The there discussion starts with an introduction to all the group members when the meeting is convened to help each and every group member know the task where he/she is allocated. The minority members should have ample opportunity to contribute to the meeting and their point of view are carefully considered. I will facilitate the group centered rather than the leader-centered interaction patterns. As the person in charge of the establishment and maintenance of effective interaction patterns, I will be in a position to familiarize with factors that can change communication patterns such as cues and interactions that members receive for exchanges. There are bonds that develop between group members as well as the subgroup that exist in the community recovery and coordination group. This will help in choosing the most appropriate skills to implement in conducting the meeting, the resources that will be sufficient enough for all the group members and allocate them to meet their specific n eed. The leadership in the community-based programs is based on power and status relationship. The purpose of the group The purpose of the group is disaster management and alleviation of poverty caused by natural calamities. The group is intended to empower the members with resources in terms of community development funds which will be utilized in bringing back the destroyed parts in the previous order. Through no governmental interference the community is alleviating political interference by engaging the NGO to accord the assistance to the members. The group will discuss measures of preventing the destruction of property by floods and the health issues that emerge as a result of floods. Foods cause health illnesses by consumption of harmful water which has been contaminated. The group will teach the community on important water treatment procedures that will make water safe for consumption. The group will enhance food dependency among the community members with sufficient t food production by improving methods of farming and preservative measures. There is safeguarding of the community economic act ivities through sustenance in developing the farming among the members. The context of operation The group is to discuss matters of disaster management and provide skills of managing the economic social and cultural activities. The main issue that the group is intended to slave is coping with the floods that are caused by the heavy rains soil erosion. The will be providing flood forecasts and warnings for the community to prepare adequately and minimize the effects of these floods. The development plans will entail the building of catchment areas where water van be controlled and directed in one center, The group will review maps for local flood risk management. Develop mills and resources to be implemented in helping to cope with the challenge. There will be adequate consultation with the society, proper scrutiny, and delivery planning. The Role of the group as a water and Sewerage Company The group will be managing the risk of flooding to water to flooding in these areas. There is sewerage facilities and upgrading the infrastructure to deal with floods. The community development group is focusing on building the resilience systems and essential services during the emergency occurrence. Maintenance of the water supply to reduce the pollution to the environment is the issue of concern and protection of water catchment. They provide advice to the impacts on local foods and the risks. The group will work with developers and landowners to educate them on most appropriate methods to maintain their land. The working will ensure the amount of water entering the sewerage system can be accommodated by the pipes and without bursting. Initiating the capital investment plans to support the above work and sustenance of the employees to be working on these development projects. The management of natural habitats is the other issue that will be the purpose of the group. The membershi p of the group is diverse Groups are a form of social systems made of people who are engaged in interaction and allows different people to join depending on their turnover, there will be development of a simple structure to help members be able to integrate into the recovery plan hence the best interest is placed ahead of their personal interest. The recruitment criteria are based on voluntary willingness and continued attraction which depends on the comparison level for alternatives. There are expectations and gratifications of new members with previous group experiences which act as the driving force towards new entry and thus recruiting them into the system. They will closely manage the levels of water in the courses. Improvement of drainage systems and pumping to reduce the risk associated with flooding. The people with high expectations for a group and no hope of reaching the levels of attaining satisfaction are attracted to the group more often. The other method of recruitment is where the recruits primarily perceived other members being similar and as the potential friends on a personal level and would engage in conversations that were not related to the group task. The group is rewarding in experiences for members and thus the outsiders find it attractive in a way that they could not have attained by themselves the prestige, status, and rewards. Criteria for membership The criterion for membership is dependent on the type of members, in an open membership the development of the group depends on the member turnover; new members integrate rapidly into the group because there are no restrictions. As an employee working with the NGO there is a duty to help the open membership group develop a clear structure, hence the members explore the purpose of the group roles of the worker and each individual who belong to the group. The worker most important task will be to help the group develop dynamics that will enable promotion of the member's needs which might be socio-economical. This will also enhance facilitating accomplishment of the group tasks. The first task of the group is to understand and intervene in the interaction patterns and for the worker to be aware that people are always communicating whenever they are together. There begins with an introduction to all the group members when the meeting begins to help each and every group member know the ta sk where he/she is located. The minority members should have ample opportunity to contribute to the meeting and their point of view are carefully considered. I will facilitate the group centered rather than the leader-centered interaction patterns. As the person in charge of the establishment and maintenance of effective interaction patterns, I will be in a position to familiarize with factors that can change communication patterns such as cues and interactions that members receive for exchanges. There are bonds that develop between group members as well as the subgroup that exist in the community recovery and coordination group. This will help in choosing the most appropriate skills to implement in conducting the meeting, the resources that will be sufficient enough for all the group members and allocate them to meet their specific need. The leadership in the community-based programs is based on power and status relationship. Recruitment of members This refers to the members evaluation and ranking in relativity to all other members of the group. This status is partially determined by the persons expertise outside the group. My status as an employee is determined by the agency that is sponsoring this community recovery group. The role of providing the opportunities to the low-status group members is crucial in this stage for them to be socially integrated and achieve higher status. Diversity in the group Group culture represents the beliefs and the customs also the traditional aspect held in common by the group members. Multicultural differences impact on the social integration of the group members. The differences are put aside for the good of the community in general to have measures and procedures to be adopted in responding to floods. The climate condition affects all individuals despite the race, color or cultural diversities. The emergence of group culture is as a result of diverse membership. The group is composed of individuals with different religion backgrounds, economic status and family setups which are diverse and unique. The social integration enables members to be able to fit in one love together, social order and the stability bring back the cohesiveness in the group since they are the prerequisites for the formation and maintenance of a cohesive group. Social integration will help in building unanimity about the purpose of goals achievement and help members move forw ard in an orderly and the most efficient manner. Baird said the leaders should be in apposition to identify the main reason for being chosen to fill the leadership positions (Kabasir, 2008, p.176). The conformity with all the individuals in the setup and compliance is necessary for working together and at the same time predictability of actions. The common values should be developed and applied to the culture of the group thus creating a strong bond Size of the group The group has got sixty members in total that are all recruited in a fair process, the group is large and kind of cumbersome for detailed work to be accomplished. This has necessitated the need for subgroups to make the management easier and accomplishment of work. There is a time limit for the completion of the task at hand thus the group members must avail themselves to be available at all times and give commendable responses when asked to contribute. The activity carried out is assigning members to particular subgroups to work on a specific task and take the results to the larger group through the leader for verification action and consideration. The members working in the subgroups will substitute their own goals and methods of attaining them for the goals of the larger group to be achieved. The size of the group is undefined and keep on increasing hence there are possibilities for potential relationships which increase dramatically. Where there are four people there are eight po tential combinations of relationships but a group of nine people there are nine hundred and sixty-six possible relationships. The group is not stagnant thus it keeps on growing and giving each member social relationships to be aware of and maintain nevertheless in such kind of group formation there are fewer opportunities to maintain them. Time limited. The time for communication between members is also minimized since the group is having fewer opportunities. The main focus is the identification of the opportunities available in the environment and reducing talking between the group members for the dedication of time to more constructive work and innovativeness. There is reduced chance to participate leads to dissatisfaction and inadequate commitment to decisions made by the management team. Members are interested in knowing their colleagues in group formation thus the need for subgroups arises to create time for socializing. Principles and practice minimize the independence and individuality hence freedom of members is curtailed to regulate the groups operation. This limiting enhances the comfort of members and improves the security of the positions held within the group and between each other. Lukas said the facilitating will enhance support of indigenous leadership when it begins thus occurring except where the leader is a gang l eader or a bully for that matter (Erick, 1996, p.194). Physical arrangement Physical arrangements are an important tool in assessing relationships among members and the existing problems in the group interactions. The convening of the group meeting should provide a tentative feedback to the facilitator of the members who are interested in the community recovery program. The members who pull chairs during the meeting away from the circle and always sit behind others may be showing a lack of interest to investing their time and resources in the activities to be undertaken. The non-functional members retain their original point of view from time to time and portray no changes and also sit at the same position during the group meetings. Mark said the recovery groups can create awareness of the occurrence and identify the periods which are associated with the heavy rains in order to advise the community recovery group coordination accordingly (Thomas,1995, p.222). Purpose of the group Flood warning systems which will give people more time to take action during flooding as this will save lives of people and also reduce the impact from flooding. There will be a modification of businesses in such a way that they help withstand occurrence of floods. The main focus should be flood resilience rather than schemes of defense. The floors should be concrete to reduce the negative impacts on the ground. Waterhouse said we are going to have to live with flooding, it is here to stay (Lindsay, 2003, p.237). The other important remedy to floods is making homes waterproofs and moving the sockets on the walls higher. The contractors who are given these roles of making sure that bridges and buildings are put in place should ensure that buildings are above one meter from the ground for prevention of damage; this is supported by the civil engineers who were consulted before the facilitation. Context of power The interaction and communication are affected by the relative power and the status that are held by different group members. The process of giving members power will be selective and in accordance with the members prestige and the attributes that they possess which are physical. The criteria will be used when choosing the leader among them who have good traits and contributions. The leader has to be a person who has morals and ethics such as; honesty, hard work, discipline and the good qualities that a leader should possess for effective leadership. Jefferson said there are duties of the facilitator as they are limited to NGO have played a big role in strengthening the leadership skills and sharpening them to enable directing and is able to coordinate the community recovery group (Drabik, 2001, p.159). As the group develops the member status and the current position held in terms of power changes. This is to accommodate the new scope of work to be accomplished. The intervention is unavoidable in any group for modification purposes by the worker; this will be to change the current mode of organization and operation. Status is increased depending on whether one is assisting the other member in performing a task and in working together as a group. While working as an employee of the NGO, I will be involved in assessing the process of relaying information and messages since the power is upon the worker to help the members communicate effectively throughout the life of a group. The power to reinforce patterns to decrease or increase the bonds between members which are emotional in nature, this is also accompanied with changing the group structure, size or alteration of the power and status relationship. Frank said as the threat and frequency of flood increases, the use of passive flood defense has to be the only realistic long term solution (Kelly, 1990, p.164). Conclusion Creativity and special traits in the flood circumstance are needed to be a solution according to the format, high-status group individuals are expected to perform extraordinary acts by the low-status members who are dependent on the decisions of the senior member and conform to the valued norms of the group. There is a diminishing of the status whenever the member or individual deviates from the co-business mandated upon him. Nevertheless, the members who underperform should not be threatened to leave the group. The employees play the role of helping the members to a review and evaluation of work together by listing out the accomplishments and areas that need extra work to be done for further operations. Works cited Kelly, S. T., Stephen, J, K. (2003). Emergency Management Australia Community Journal of Developments in Recovering from Disaster, Commonwealth of Australia, Canberra publishers Austria press. Buchanan, S. A., Harry, V. R. (2000). The Emergency preparedness Preservation Issues and Planning Chicago American Library Association publishers New York press. Jaffin, B. O. (2008). "Emergency Management Training: How to Find the Right Program". Emergency management journal. New times publishers Northway press. Drabek, T. M., Martin J. L. (1991). Emergency Management: Principles and Practice for Local Government. Washington, D.C.: International City Management Association. Washington DC Publishers London press. Baird, M. E. (2010). "The "Phase of Emergency Management" Vanderbilt Center Journal for Transportation Research. Australian publishers Sydney press. Karanasios, S. J., Potter., T. G. (2011). New and Emergent ICTs and Climate Change in Developing Countries Manchester: Journal of Centre for Development Informatics, University of Manchester publishers England press. Maine R. N. (2007). Emergency Management Agency "What is Emergency Management" The time's publishers Cape press.